Jul 11, 2012
The Authority on World Travel & Tourism
Travel & Tourism
Economicimpact2012 AsIA PACIfIC
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
1
For more information please contact:
Olivia Ruggles-Brise
Director,policy&Research olivia.rugglesbrise@wttc.org
Eva Aimable
manager,policy&Research eva.aimable@wttc.org
©2012Worldtravel&tourismcouncil
Foreword
For more than 20 years the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) has been investing in economic impact research, which assesses the Travel & Tourism industry's contribution to GDP and jobs. Our ten-year forecasts are unique in the information they provide to assist governments and private companies plan for the future.
Travel & Tourism continues to be one of the world's largest industries. The total impact of the industry means that, in 2011, it contributed 9% of global GDP, or a value of over US$6 trillion, and accounted for 255 million jobs. Over the next ten years this industry is expected to grow by an average of 4% annually, taking it to 10% of global GDP, or some US$10 trillion. By 2022, it is anticipated that it will account for 328 million jobs, or 1 in every 10 jobs on the planet. 2011 was one of the most challenging years ever experienced by the global Travel & Tourism industry. However, our latest research suggests that, despite political upheaval, economic uncertainty and natural disasters, the industry's direct contribution to world GDP grew by nearly 3% to US$2 trillion and directly generated 1.2 million new jobs. This was supported by a 3% increase in visitor exports to US$1.2 trillion, with almost 3% growth in capital investment, which rose to over US$0.7 trillion. Moreover, while the macroeconomic environment remains very challenging, our latest projections point to continuous growth in the contribution of Travel & Tourism to global GDP and employment. Rising household incomes in emerging economies not only the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) but increasingly across the rest of Southeast Asia and Latin America will continue to fuel increased leisure demand. Similarly, growing international trade particularly from emerging markets will sustain business travel demand. In developed economies, consumers are likely to remain cautious, especially in European countries where austerity programmes are being implemented. This means that we expect growth in Travel & Tourism's direct contribution to GDP to remain stable at 3% in 2012. We expect the industry to generate directly over 2 million new jobs, with a 2% increase in visitor exports and 3.5% growth in investment over the year. Rarely over the past 20 years have we been challenged by such economic and political uncertainty as we are seeing now. Our ongoing research underlines the importance of Travel & Tourism as a stabilising force globally providing jobs, generating prosperity, and facilitating international trade and investment.
David Scowsill President & CEO World Travel & Tourism Council
Contents
The Economic Impact of Travel & Tourism 2012
2012 Annual Research: Key Facts .......................................................................................................1 Defining the Economic Contribution of Travel & Tourism.............................2 Travel & Tourism's Contribution to GDP .....................................................................................3 Travel & Tourism's Contribution to Employment ..........................................................4 Visitor Exports and Investment ..................................................................................................................5 Different Components of Travel & Tourism ............................................................................6 Summary Tables: Estimates & Forecasts .................................................................................7 The Economic Contribution of Travel & Tourism: Real 2011 Prices ..................................................................................................................................................................8 The Economic Contribution of Travel & Tourism: Nominal Prices ........................................................................................................................................................................9 The Economic Contribution of Travel & Tourism: Growth ...................... 10 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Methodological Note ............................................................................................................................................... 12 Regions, Sub-regions, Countries ...................................................................................................... 13
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Asia Pacific
2012 ANNUAL RESEARCH: KEY FACTS
GDP: DIRECT CONTRIBUTION
The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP was USD553.7bn (2.6% of total GDP) in 2011, and is forecast to rise by 5.9% in 2012, and to rise by 6.2% pa, from 2012-2022, to USD1,066.7bn in 2022 (in constant 2011 prices).
2012 forecast
GDP: TOTAL CONTRIBUTION
The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP was USD1,748.4bn (8.4% of GDP) in 2011, and is forecast to rise by 5.9% in 2012, and to rise by 6.3% pa to USD3,395.5bn in 2022.
EMPLOYMENT: DIRECT CONTRIBUTION
In 2011 Travel & Tourism directly supported 63,209,500 jobs (3.5% of total employment). This is expected to rise by 2.7% in 2012 and rise by 1.9% pa to 77,992,000 jobs (3.8% of total employment) in 2022.
EMPLOYMENT: TOTAL CONTRIBUTION
In 2011, the total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment, including jobs indirectly supported by the industry, was 7.9% of total employment (144,186,000 jobs). This is expected to rise by 2.5% in 2012 to 147,735,000 jobs and rise by 2.6% pa to 190,331,000 jobs in 2022 (9.3% of total).
VISITOR EXPORTS
Visitor exports generated USD288.8bn (4.2% of total exports) in 2011. This is forecast to grow by 4.0% in 2012, and grow by 4.9% pa, from 2012-2022, to USD485.6bn in 2022 (3.4% of total).
INVESTMENT
Travel & Tourism investment in 2011 was USD253.6bn, or 4.0% of total investment. It should rise by 6.5% in 2012, and rise by 7.1% pa over the next ten years to USD535.8bn in 2022 (4.4% of total).
Total Contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP 2011 USDbn 2011 USDbn
4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0
Breakdown of Travel & Tourism's Total Contribution to GDP and Employment 2011 GDP (2011 USDbn)
336 859 554
63209
53520
27457
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Direct
Indirect
Induced
2022 2022
= Total contribution of Travel & Tourism
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Employment ('000)
1
Defining the economic contribution of Travel & Tourism
Travel & Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries around the world. As well as its direct economic impact, the industry has significant indirect and induced impacts. The UN Statistics Division-approved Tourism Satellite Accounting methodology (TSA:RMF 2008) quantifies only the direct contribution of Travel & Tourism. But WTTC recognises that Travel & Tourism's total contribution is much greater, and aims to capture its indirect and induced impacts through its annual research.
DIRECT CONTRIBUTION The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP reflects the `internal' spending on Travel & Tourism (total spending within a particular country on Travel & Tourism by residents and non-residents for business and leisure purposes) as well as government 'individual' spending - spending by government on Travel & Tourism services directly linked to visitors, such as cultural (eg museums) or recreational (eg national parks). The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is calculated to be consistent with the output, as expressed in National Accounting, of tourism-characteristic sectors such as hotels, airlines, airports, travel agents and leisure and recreation services that deal directly with tourists.The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is calculated from total internal spending by `netting out' the purchases made by the different tourism sectors. This measure is consistent with the definition of Tourism GDP, specified in the 2008 Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA: RMF 2008). TOTAL CONTRIBUTION The total contribution of Travel & Tourism includes its `wider impacts' (ie the indirect and induced impacts) on the economy. The `indirect' contribution includes the GDP and jobs supported by: Travel & Tourism investment spending an important aspect of both current and future activity that includes investment activity such as the purchase of new aircraft and construction of new hotels; Government 'collective' spending, which helps Travel & Tourism activity in many different ways as it is made on behalf of the `community at large' eg tourism marketing and promotion, aviation, administration, security services, resort area security services, resort area sanitation services, etc; Domestic purchases of goods and services by the sectors dealing directly with tourists - including, for example, purchases of food and cleaning services by hotels, of fuel and catering services by airlines, and IT services by travel agents. The `induced' contribution measures the GDP and jobs supported by the spending of those who are directly or indirectly employed by the Travel & Tourism industry.
PLEASE NOTE THAT DUE TO CHANGES IN METHODOLOGY BETWEEN 2010 AND 2011, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO COMPARE FIGURES PUBLISHED BY WTTC FROM 2011 ONWARDS WITH THE SERIES PUBLISHED IN PREVIOUS YEARS.
2
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Travel & Tourism's 1 contribution to GDP
The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP in 2011 was USD553.7bn (2.6% of GDP). This is forecast to rise by 5.9% to USD586.3bn in 2012.This primarily reflects the economic activity generated by industries such as hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transportation services (excluding commuter services). But it also includes, for example, the activities of the restaurant and leisure industries directly supported by tourists. The direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is expected to grow by 6.2% pa to USD1,066.7bn (2.9% of GDP) by 2022.
ASIA PACIFIC: DIRECT CONTRIBUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM TO GDP Constant 2011 USDbn
1,200
% of whole economy GDP
3.0 3.0
1,000
2.9 2.9 2.8
800
600
2.8 2.7
400
2.7 2.6 2.6
200
0
2022 2022
2.5
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP (including wider effects from investment, the supply chain and induced income impacts, see page 2) was USD1,748.4bn in 2011 (8.4% of GDP) and is expected to grow by 5.9% to USD1,851.1bn (8.5% of GDP) in 2012. It is forecast to rise by 6.3% pa to USD3,395.5bn by 2022 (9.5% of GDP). ASIA PACIFIC: TOTAL CONTRIBUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM TO GDP Constant 2011 USDbn
4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 2011 2012 2022 2022 2022 2.0 0.0 2011 2012 8.0 6.0 4.0
% of whole economy GDP
12.0 10.0
2022 2022
Direct
1
Indirect
Induced
Direct
Indirect
Induced
All values are in constant 2011 prices & exchange rates
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
2022 2022
3
Travel & Tourism's contribution to employment
Travel & Tourism generated 63,209,500 jobs directly in 2011 (3.5% of total employment) and this is forecast to grow by 2.7% in 2012 to 64,901,000 (3.5% of total employment). This includes employment by hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transportation services (excluding commuter services). It also includes, for example, the activities of the restaurant and leisure industries directly supported by tourists. By 2022, Travel & Tourism will account for 77,992,000 jobs directly, an increase of 1.9% pa over the next ten years. ASIA PACIFIC: DIRECT CONTRIBUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM TO EMPLOYMENT '000 jobs
90,000.0 80,000.0 70,000.0
3.7
% of whole economy employment
3.9 3.8
60,000.0 50,000.0 40,000.0 30,000.0 20,000.0 10,000.0
3.3 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.4
2022 2022
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment (including wider effects from investment, the supply chain and induced income impacts, see page 2) was 144,186,000 jobs in 2011 (7.9% of total employment). This is forecast to rise by 2.5% in 2012 to 147,735,000 jobs (8.0% of total employment). By 2022, Travel & Tourism is forecast to support 190,331,000 jobs (9.3% of total employment), an increase of 2.6% pa over the period. ASIA PACIFIC: TOTAL CONTRIBUTION OF TRAVEL & TOURISM TO EMPLOYMENT '000 jobs
200,000.0 180,000.0 160,000.0 140,000.0 120,000.0 100,000.0 80,000.0 60,000.0 40,000.0 20,000.0 0.0 2011 2012 2022 2022 2022
2012
% of whole economy employment
10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2011 2012 2022 2022
Direct
Indirect
Induced
Direct
Indirect
Induced
4
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
2022 2022
0.0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Visitor Exports and Investment
VISITOR EXPORTS
1
Visitor exports are a key component of the direct contribution of Travel & Tourism. In 2011, Asia Pacific generated USD288.8bn in visitor exports. In 2012, this is expected to grow by 4.0%, and the region is expected to attract 221,136,000 international tourist arrivals.
By 2022, international tourist arrivals are forecast to total 360,739,000, generating expenditure of USD485.6bn, an increase of 4.9% pa.
ASIA PACIFIC: VISITOR EXPORTS AND INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS Constant 2011 USDbn
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
mn
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Foreign visitor exports as % of total exports
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
2022 2022
0.0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Foreign visitor exports (LHS) Foreign tourist arrivals (RHS)
INVESTMENT Travel & Tourism is expected to have attracted capital investment of USD253.6bn in 2011. This is expected to rise by 6.5% in 2012, and rise by 7.1% pa over the next ten years to USD535.8bn in 2022. Travel & Tourism's share of total national investment will rise from 4.0% in 2012 to 4.4% in 2022. ASIA PACIFIC: CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN TRAVEL & TOURISM Constant 2011 USDbn
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2022 2022 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
% of whole economy GDP
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0 2022 2022 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
1
All values are in constant 2011 prices & exchange rates
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
2022 2022
5
Different components of Travel & Tourism1
Asia Pacific
Travel & Tourism's Contribution to GDP: Business vs Leisure, 2011
Leisure spending
Leisure travel spending (inbound and domestic) generated 74.8% of direct Travel & Tourism GDP in 2011 (USD919.1bn) compared with 25.4% for business travel spending (USD312.2bn). Leisure travel spending is expected to grow by 6.2% in 2012 to USD976.1bn, and rise by 6.4% pa to USD1,822.4bn in 2022. Business travel spending is expected to grow by 5.2% in 2012 to USD328.5bn, and rise by 5.8% pa to USD578.1bn in 2022.
74.8%
Business spending
25.4%
Asia Pacific
Travel & Tourism's Contribution to GDP: Domestic vs Foreign, 2011
Foreign visitor spending
23.8%
Domestic spending
Domestic travel spending generated 76.2% of direct Travel & Tourism GDP in 2011 compared with 23.8% for visitor exports (ie foreign visitor spending or international tourism receipts).
76.2%
Domestic travel spending is expected to grow by 6.6% in 2012 to USD985.6bn, and rise by 6.7% pa to USD1,887.3bn in 2022. Visitor exports are expected to grow by 4.0% in 2012 to USD300.4bn, and rise by 4.9% pa to USD485.6bn in 2022.
Asia Pacific
Breakdown of Travel & Tourism's Total Contribution to GDP, 2011 Direct
31.7%
Induced
The Travel & Tourism industry contributes to GDP and employment in many ways as detailed on page 2.
19.2%
Indirect
The total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP is three times greater than its direct contribution.
a
49.1%
Indirect is the sum of: (a) Supply chain 33.1% (b) Investment 9.8% (c) Government collective 6.2%
1
c
b
All values are in constant 2011 prices & exchange rates
6
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Summary tables: Estimates & Forecasts
2011 Asia Pacific Direct contribution to GDP Total contribution to GDP Direct contribution to employment Total contribution to employment Visitor exports Domestic spending Leisure spending Business spending Capital investment
1
2011
1
2012 Growth2 5.9 5.9 2.7 2.5 4.0 6.6 6.2 5.2 6.5 USDbn 1,066.7 3,395.5 77,992 190,331 485.6 1,887.3 1,822.4 578.1 535.8
1
2022
% of total 2.9 9.5 3.8 9.3 3.4 5.4 5.1 1.6 4.4 Growth 6.2 6.3 1.9 2.8 4.9 6.7 6.4 5.8 7.1
3
USDbn 553.7 1,748.4
4
% of total 2.6 8.4 3.5 7.9 4.2 4.4 4.4 1.5 4.0
63,209 144,186 288.8 924.2 919.1 312.2 253.6
4
2011 constant prices & exchange rates; 22012 real growth adjusted for inflation (%); 32012-2022 annualised real growth adjusted for inflation (%); 4'000 jobs
2011 Worldwide Direct contribution to GDP Total contribution to GDP Direct contribution to employment4 Total contribution to employment Visitor exports Domestic spending Leisure spending Business spending Capital investment
1
2011 % of total 2.8 9.1 3.3 8.7 5.3 4.0 4.4 1.4 4.9
2012 Growth 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.0 1.7 3.5 3.1 2.5 3.5
2
2022 US$bn
1
US$bn
1
% of total 3.0 9.8 3.6 9.8 4.3 4.6 4.8 1.5 5.1
Growth 4.2 4.3 1.9 2.3 3.6 4.6 4.4 4.0 5.6
3
1,972.8 6,346.1 98,031 254,941 1,170.6 2,791.2 3,056.9 968.4 743.0
3,056.2 9,939.5 120,470 327,922 1,694.7 4,547.6 4,853.8 1,476.2 1,320.4
4
2011 constant prices & exchange rates; 22012 real growth adjusted for inflation (%); 32012-2022 annualised real growth adjusted for inflation (%); 4'000 jobs
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
7
The economic contribution of Travel & Tourism: Real 2011 prices
Asia Pacific (USDbn, real 2011 prices) 1. Visitor exports 2006 246.5 2007 260.4 2008 263.7 2009 256.1 2010 280.2 2011 288.8 2012E 300.4 2022F 485.6
2. 3.
Domestic expenditure
823.2
865.6
866.9
867.9
889.5
924.2
985.6
1,887.3
Internal tourism consumption
(= 1 + 2 + government individual spending)
1,082.3
1,139.3
1,144.6
1,138.8
1,185.4
1,229.5
1,303.4
2,400.5
4.
Purchases by tourism providers, including imported goods
(supply chain)
-588.8
-618.4
-627.7
-622.7
-650.5
-675.9
-717.0
-1,333.7
5.
Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP
(= 3 + 4)
493.6
520.9
516.8
516.1
534.9
553.7
586.3
1,066.7
Other final impacts (indirect & induced) 6. 7. Domestic supply chain Capital investment 223.8 251.8 282.7 258.4 242.4 253.6 270.1 535.8 533.6 559.7 553.8 558.5 576.3 597.1 634.7 1,191.5
8.
Government collective spending
84.6
89.1
93.7
99.9
105.5
111.9
117.4
187.3
9.
Imported goods from indirect spending
-90.2
-90.9
-109.9
-89.0
-97.9
-103.6
-111.8
-210.7
10. Induced 11. Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP
(= 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10)
292.0
318.7
306.6
324.0
329.7
335.6
354.4
625.0
1,537.3
1,649.5
1,643.8
1,668.0
1,690.8
1,748.4
1,851.1
3,395.5
Employment impacts ('000) 12. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to 64,319.6 63,080.8 63,459.9 61,656.1 61,921.2 63,209.4 64,901.2 77,992.4 employment Total contribution of Travel & Tourism 153,333 to employment Other indicators 14. Expenditure on outbound travel 157,192 147,451 144,081 141,337 144,186 147,735 190,331
13.
205.9
217.2
228.1
210.1
221.7
238.5
250.2
446.0
8
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
The economic contribution of Travel & Tourism: Nominal prices
Asia Pacific (USDbn, nominal prices) 1. Visitor exports 2006 175.3 2007 205.9 2008 226.2 2009 214.9 2010 258.2 2011 288.8 2012E 307.1 2022F 650.4
2. 3.
Domestic expenditure
569.3
645.1
716.5
725.4
814.2
924.2
1,011.4
2,844.5
Internal tourism consumption
(= 1 + 2 + government individual spending)
753.4
860.8
954.1
952.7
1,086.6
1,229.5
1,336.2
3,533.4
4.
Purchases by tourism providers, including imported goods
(supply chain)
-409.4
-468.2
-523.9
-519.7
-597.5
-677.1
-736.3
-1,976.6
5.
Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP
(= 3 + 4)
344.0
392.5
430.1
433.0
490.6
553.7
600.8
1,556.8
Other final impacts (indirect & induced) 6. 7. Domestic supply chain Capital investment 154.8 189.1 236.2 215.0 221.1 253.6 277.2 788.2 367.8 420.5 460.2 465.0 527.2 597.1 651.2 1,783.9
8.
Government collective spending
59.4
65.9
76.9
84.3
96.7
111.9
119.4
261.6
9.
Imported goods from indirect spending
-65.1
-71.1
-92.5
-73.4
-89.4
-103.6
-113.6
-278.2
10. Induced 11. Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP
(= 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10)
201.8
237.4
252.8
270.6
301.4
335.6
362.9
931.3
1,062.6
1,234.3
1,363.8
1,394.5
1,547.7
1,748.4
1,898.1
5,043.5
Employment impacts ('000) 12. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to 64,319.6 63,080.8 63,459.9 61,656.1 61,921.2 63,209.4 64,901.2 77,992.4 employment Total contribution of Travel & Tourism 153,333 to employment Other indicators 14. Expenditure on outbound travel 157,192 147,451 144,081 141,337 144,186 147,735 190,331
13.
151.5
171.5
191.2
174.1
202.6
238.5
254.5
599.7
*Concepts shown in this table align with the standard table totals as described in the 2008 Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA: RMF 2008) developed by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD), the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Historical data for concepts has been benchmarked to match reported TSA data where available.
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
9
The economic contribution of Travel & Tourism: Growth
Asia Pacific Growth 1 (%) 1. Visitor exports 2006 6.4 2007 5.7 2008 1.3 2009 -2.9 2010 9.4 2011 3.0 2012E 4.0 2022F 4.9
2. 3.
Domestic expenditure
8.6
5.1
0.1
0.1
2.5
3.9
6.6
6.7
Internal tourism consumption
(= 1 + 2 + government individual spending)
8.1
5.3
0.5
-0.5
4.1
3.7
6.0
6.3
4.
Purchases by tourism providers, including imported goods
(supply chain)
7.9
5.0
1.0
-0.4
4.3
3.9
6.1
6.4
5.
Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP
(= 3 + 4)
8.1
5.5
-0.8
-0.1
3.6
3.5
5.9
6.2
Other final impacts (indirect & induced) 6. 7. Domestic supply chain Capital investment 13.0 12.6 12.2 -8.6 -6.2 4.6 6.5 7.1 8.0 4.9 -1.1 0.9 3.2 3.6 6.3 6.5
8.
Government collective spending
6.0
5.3
5.2
6.6
5.6
6.1
4.9
4.8
9.
Imported goods from indirect spending
35.6
0.7
21.0
-19.1
10.0
5.8
7.9
6.5
10. Induced 11. Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP
(= 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10)
5.1
9.2
-3.8
5.7
1.7
1.8
5.6
5.8
6.8
7.3
-0.3
1.5
1.4
3.4
5.9
6.3
Employment impacts ('000) 12. Direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment Total contribution of Travel & Tourism to employment Other indicators 14. Expenditure on outbound travel 6.3 -1.9 0.6 -2.8 0.4 2.1 2.7 1.9
13.
4.0
2.5
-6.2
-2.3
-1.9
2.0
2.5
2.6
0.2
5.5
5.0
-7.9
5.5
7.6
4.9
5.9
1
2005-2011 real annual growth adjusted for inflation (%);
2
2011-2021 annualised real growth adjusted for inflation (%)
10
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Glossary
KEy DEFInITIOnS
Travel & Tourism relates to the activity of travellers on trips outside their usual environment with a duration of less than one year. Economic activity related to all aspects of such trips is measured within the research. Direct contribution to GDP GDP generated by industries that deal directly with tourists, including hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transport services, as well as the activities of restaurant and leisure industries that deal directly with tourists. It is equivalent to total internal Travel & Tourism spending (see below) within a country less the purchases made by those industries (including imports). In terms of the UN's Tourism Satellite Account methodology it is consistent with total GDP calculated in table 6 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Direct contribution to employment the number of direct jobs within the Travel & Tourism industry. This is consistent with total employment calculated in table 7 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Total contribution to GDP GDP generated directly by the Travel & Tourism industry plus its indirect and induced impacts (see below). Total contribution to employment the number of jobs generated directly in the Travel & Tourism industry plus the indirect and induced contributions (see below). Internal tourism consumption total revenue generated within a country by industries that deal directly with tourists including visitor exports, domestic spending and government individual spending. This does not include spending abroad by residents. This is consistent with total internal tourism expenditure in table 4 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Business Travel & Tourism spending spending on business travel within a country by residents and international visitors. Leisure Travel & Tourism spending spending on leisure travel within a country by residents and international visitors.
InDIRECT AnD InDuCED ImPACTS
Indirect contribution the contribution to GDP and jobs of the following three factors: · Capital investment includes capital investment spending by all sectors directly involved in the Travel & Tourism industry. This also constitutes investment spending by other industries on specific tourism assets such as new visitor accommodation and passenger transport equipment, as well as restaurants and leisure facilities for specific tourism use. This is consistent with total tourism gross fixed capital formation in table 8 of the TSA: RMF 2008. · Government collective spending general government spending in support of general tourism activity. This can include national as well as regional and local government spending. For example, it includes tourism promotion, visitor information services, administrative services and other public services. This is consistent with total collective tourism consumption in table 9 of TSA: RMF 2008. · Supply-chain effects purchases of domestic goods and services directly by different sectors of the Travel & Tourism industry as inputs to their final tourism output. Induced contribution the broader contribution to GDP and employment of spending by those who are directly or indirectly employed by Travel & Tourism.
DIRECT SPEnDInG ImPACTS
Visitor exports spending within the country by international tourists for both business and leisure trips, including spending on transport. This is consistent with total inbound tourism expenditure in table 1 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Domestic Travel & Tourism spending spending within a country by that country's residents for both business and leisure trips. Multi-use consumer durables are not included since they are not purchased solely for tourism purposes. This is consistent with total domestic tourism expenditure in table 2 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Outbound spending by residents abroad is not included here, but is separately identified according to the TSA: RMF 2008 (see below). Government individual spending government spending on individual non-market services for which beneficiaries can be separately identified. These social transfers are directly comparable to consumer spending and, in certain cases, may represent public provision of consumer services. For example, it includes provision of services in national parks and museums.
OThER InDICATORS
Outbound expenditure spending outside the country by residents on all trips abroad. This is fully aligned with total outbound tourism expenditure in table 3 of the TSA: RMF 2008. Foreign visitor arrivals the number of arrivals of foreign visitors, including same-day and overnight visitors (tourists) to the country.
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
11
Methodological note
In 2011, WTTC refined its methodology for estimating the direct contribution of Travel & Tourism to be fully consistent with the UN Statistics Division-approved 2008 Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA:RMF 2008). Some further revisions to the research have been made in 2012 as part of WTTC's ongoing commitment to align the research with the TSA:RMF 2008. This has involved further benchmarking of country reports to official, published TSAs, including for countries which are reporting data for the first time as well as updates to earlier years. As part of the alignment process we are now also able to isolate and exclude international travel flows related to education. In addition to 181 individual country reports, one world report and 17 covering world regions and sub-regions, we also provide reports with combined results for special economic groupings including, for the first time in 2012, the G20 and SADC.
Special economic groups
G20
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea,Turkey, UK, USA.
SADC (Southern African Development Community)
Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
BRIC
Brazil, Russia, India, China.
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)
Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russian Federation, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, USA, Vietnam.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, USA.
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WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
Economic impact reports: Regions, sub-regions and countries
WORLD Region SubRegion noRth AfRiCA CountRy Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Angola Benin Region SubRegion CountRy Anguilla Antigua & Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Bermuda Cuba Region SubRegion noRtheASt ASiA CountRy Japan China Hong Kong Macau South Korea Taiwan Region SubRegion CountRy Lithuania Luxembourg Malta euRopeAn union euRope otheR euRope middLe eASt Netherlands Poland Portugal
Barbados Cayman Islands Former Netherlands Antilles Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Jamaica ASiA Martinique Puerto Rico St Kitts & Nevis St Lucia AmeRiCAS St Vincent & the Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago
Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi CARibbeAn Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic
Mongolia Australia
Romania Slovakia
New Zealand oCeAniA Fiji Kiribati Other Oceania Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Bangladesh South ASiA India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Maldives Brunei Cambodia SoutheASt ASiA Indonesia Laos Malaysia
Slovenia Spain Sweden UK Albania Armenia Belarus Bosnia Herzegovina Croatia Iceland Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Moldova Norway Russia Serbia Montenegro Azerbaijan
Dominica
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of Congo Ethiopia Gabon Ghana AfRiCA Guinea Sub-SAhARAn Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Gambia
UK Virgin Islands US Virgin Islands Argentina Belize Brazil Chile Colombia LAtin AmeRiCA Costa Rica Ecuador Guyana Bolivia
Myanmar
Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Niger
Papua New Guinea Philippines Singapore Vietnam Austria Belgium Cyprus Thailand
Switzerland Turkey Ukraine
El Salvador
Bahrain Iran Israel
Republic of Congo Reunion Rwanda
Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela euRopeAn union Panama
Sao Tome & Principe Senegal Seychelles
Bulgaria
Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Syria UAE Saudi Arabia
Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France
Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Swaziland Togo
noRth AmeRiCA
euRope
Tanzania
Zambia
Uganda
USA
Mexico
Canada
Greece Ireland Italy Latvia
Germany
Yemen
Hungary
Zimbabwe
WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
13
ThE WORLD TRAVEL & TOuRISm COunCIL IS ThE FORum FOR BuSInESS LEADERS In ThE TRAVEL & TOuRISm InDuSTRy.
With the Chairs and Chief Executives of the 100 foremost Travel & Tourism companies as its Members, WTTC has a unique mandate and overview on all matters related to Travel & Tourism. WTTC works to raise awareness of Travel & Tourism as one of the world's largest industries, supporting some 255 million jobs and generating 9% of global GDP in 2011. Together with its research partner, Oxford Economics, WTTC produces comprehensive reports on an annual basis with updates whenever required to quantify, compare and forecast the economic impact of Travel & Tourism on 181 economies around the world. It also publishes a World report highlighting global trends, as well as reports on regions, sub-regions and special economic groupings. To download one-page summaries, the full reports or spreadsheets, visit www.wttc.org
ASSISTInG WTTC TO PROVIDE TOOLS FOR AnALySIS, BEnChmARKInG, FORECASTInG AnD PLAnnInG.
Over the last 30 years Oxford Economics has built a diverse and loyal client base of over 300 organisations worldwide, including international organisations, governments, central banks, and both large and small businesses. Headquartered in Oxford, England, with offices in London, Belfast, Paris, the UAE, Singapore, Philadelphia, New York and San Francisco, Oxford Economics employs over 70 full-time, highly qualified economists and data specialists, while maintaining links with a network of economists in universities worldwide. For more information please take advantage of a free trial on our website, www.oxfordeconomics.com, or contact John Gaster, Oxford Economics, Abbey House, 121 St Aldates, Oxford, OX1 1HB, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1865 268 900; email: jtholstrup@oxfordeconomics.com
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WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2012
CHAIRMAN
ABERCROMBIE & KENT
Geoffrey J W Kent Founder, Chairman & CEO
OUTRIGGER ENTERPRISES GROUP
Dr Richard R Kelley Chairman Emeritus
DOLPHIN CAPITAL INVESTORS
LOTTE
Miltos Kambourides Managing Partner Mohammed Al Habbai CEO
Dong-Bin Shin Chairman Raimund Hosch President & CEO
VIRTUOSO
PRESIDENT & CEO
WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL
David Scowsill
RIOFORTE INVESTMENTS SA
Manuel Fernando Espírito Santo Chairman
DUBAILAND
MESSE BERLIN GMBH
Matthew D Upchurch CTC CEO
WILDERNESS SAFARIS
Andy Payne CEO
SABRE HOLDINGS
Tom Klein President
DUBAI AIRPORTS INTERNATIONAL
MGM RESORTS INTERNATIONAL
Jim Murren CEO
ZAGAT SURVEY LLC
VICE CHAIRMEN
GLOBAL LEISURE PARTNERS
Mark Harms Chairman & CEO
SHUN TAK HOLDINGS
Pansy Ho Managing Director
Paul Denis Griffiths CEO
Tim Zagat Co-Founder, Co-Chair & CEO
EAST JAPAN RAILWAY COMPANY
Satoshi Seino President & CEO
MISSION HILLS GROUP
Dr Ken Chu Chairman & CEO
INDUSTRY PARTNERS
DELOITTE
Adam Weissenberg Global Segment Lead - Travel Hospitality and Leisure
TRAVEL GUARD WORLDWIDE
Jeffrey C Rutledge Chairman & CEO
MANDARIN ORIENTAL
Edouard Ettedgui Group Chief Executive
EXPEDIA INC
MÖVENPICK HOTELS & RESORTS
Jean Gabriel Pérčs President & CEO
TRAVELPORT
SILVERSEA CRUISES
Gordon Wilson President & CEO
Dara Khosrowshahi President & CEO
Manfredi Lefebvre d'Ovidio di Balsorano de Clunieres Chairman Brett Tollman President & Chief Executive
TSOGO SUN GROUP
Jabu Mabuza Deputy Chairman
FAIRMONT RAFFLES HOTELS INTERNATIONAL
Chris J Cahill COO
NH HOTELS
Mariano Pérez Claver Chairman Barney Harford CEO
REGIONAL MEMBERS
DOURO AZUL
Mario Ferreira CEO
ORBITZ WORLDWIDE
THE TRAVEL CORPORATION
VISITBRITAIN
GLOBAL BLUE GROUP
Per Setterberg President & CEO
TUI AG
Christopher Rodrigues, CBE Chairman
PAN PACIFIC HOTEL GROUP
Patrick Imbardelli President & CEO Philip C Wolf President & CEO
HONORARY MEMBERS
ACCOR
Gérard Pélisson Co-Chairman, Supervisory Board
HERTZ CORPORATION
Mark Frissora Chairman & CEO, Hertz Corporation
Dr Michael Frenzel Chairman of the Executive Board
GLOBAL MEMBERS
ALTOUR
Alexandre Chemla President
PHOCUSWRIGHT
WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL
Jean-Claude Baumgarten Stephen P Holmes Chairman & CEO
WYNDHAM WORLDWIDE
AMADEUS IT GROUP SA
Luis Maroto President & CEO Jose Antonio Tazón Chairman of the Board
Michel Taride President, Hertz International & Executive Vice President, Hertz Corporation
AMERICAN EXPRESS COMPANY
Jonathan S Linen Adviser to Chairman André Jordan Chairman
QUNAR
Chenchao Zhuang Co-Founder & CEO
ANDRÉ JORDAN GROUP
HNA GROUP
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
ACCOR
Denis Hennequin Chairman & CEO
Feng Chen Chairman of the Board David Radcliffe Chief Executive
RADISSON EDWARDIAN HOTELS
Jasminder Singh Chairman & CEO
FT MOORE P/L
AVIS BUDGET GROUP
Ronald L Nelson Chairman & CEO
HOGG ROBINSON GROUP
REED TRAVEL EXHIBITIONS
Richard Mortimore Managing Director Jaume Tŕpies President Robin Tauck President
Sir Frank Moore, AO Chairman
THE HERTZ CORPORATION
William Glenn President, Global Merchant Network Group
AMERICAN EXPRESS COMPANY
BEIJING CAPITAL INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT CO
Zhiyi Dong Chairman
HONG KONG & SHANGHAI HOTELS
Clement Kwok CEO & MD
RELAIS & CHÂTEAUX
Frank Olsen Retired Chairman of the Board
NOMURA INTERNATIONAL
Lord Colin Marshall of Knightsbridge Chairman
BEIJING TOURISM GROUP
Qiang Duan Chairman
Guanghui Zhang President & CEO
HOTELPLAN HOLDING
Hans Lerch Vice Chairman & CEO
R TAUCK & PARTNERS
BEIJING TOURISM GROUP
Yi Liu President
TZ ASSOCIATES
BHARAT HOTELS
HUANGSHAN TOURISM GROUP
Jiwei Xu Chairman
S-GROUP CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Vladimir Yakushev Managing Partner
Tommaso Zanzotto President
Jyotsna Suri Chairperson & Managing Director
BOSCOLO GROUP
Giorgio Boscolo CEO
UNIVERSAL MEDIA
Carl Ruderman Chairman
CARLSON
Hubert Joly President, CEO & Director
CANNERY ROW COMPANY
Ted J Balestreri Chairman & CEO
HYATT HOTELS CORPORATION SHANGRI-LA INTERNATIONAL HOTEL Mark S Hoplamazian MANAGEMENT President and CEO IBM
Greg Dogan President & CEO Marty Salfen General Manager, Global Travel & Transportation Industry RK Krishna Kumar Vice Chairman
CHAIRMAN EMERITUS
RRE VENTURES
James D Robinson III General Partner WTTC Chairman (1990-1994)
EMIRATES
Gary Chapman President Group Services & Dnata, Emirates Group
CHINA INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL SERVICE, HEAD OFFICE (CITS)
Rong Chen CEO
SOUTH AFRICAN AIRWAYS
Sizakele Mzimela CEO
ETIHAD AIRWAYS
James Hogan CEO
INDIAN HOTELS COMPANY LTD
SPENCER STUART
HILTON WORLDWIDE
CHOICE HOTELS INTERNATIONAL
Stephen P Joyce President & CEO Pier Luigi Foschi Chairman & CEO Min Fan CEO
JONES LANG LASALLE HOTELS
Arthur de Haast Global CEO
Jerry Noonan Co-leader, Global Hospitality & Leisure Practice
IMMEDIATE PAST CHAIRMAN
GLOBAL ALLIANCE ADVISORS LLC
Vincent A Wolfington Chairman WTTC Chairman (2004-2007)
Christopher J Nassetta President & CEO
STARWOOD HOTELS & RESORTS WORLDWIDE, INC
Frits D van Paasschen President & CEO
INTERCONTINENTAL HOTELS GROUP PLC
Richard Solomons Chief Executive
COSTA CRUISES
JTB CORP
CTRIP.COM INTERNATIONAL
Hiromi Tagawa President & CEO
TAJ HOTELS RESORTS & PALACES
Raymond Bickson Managing Director & CEO Fernando Pinto CEO
FORMER CHAIRMEN
INTERCONTINENTAL HOTELS GROUP PLC
Sir Ian Prosser Retired Chairman WTTC Chairman (2001-2003)
JUMEIRAH GROUP
Gerald Lawless Executive Chairman JW Marriott, Jr Chairman & CEO
LEBUA HOTELS & RESORTS CO LTD
Rattawadee Bualert President Deepak Ohri CEO
MARRIOTT INTERNATIONAL
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM & COMMERCE MARKETING, GOVERNMENT OF DUBAI
Khalid A bin Sulayem Director General Stephen J Cloobeck Chairman & CEO
TAP PORTUGAL
TRANSAERO AIRLINES
Alexander Pleshakov CEO Jeff Smisek President & CEO
AIG INC
Arne M Sorenson President & CEO
DIAMOND RESORTS
LOEWS HOTELS
Jonathan M Tisch Chairman & CEO
Harvey Golub Non-Executive Chairman WTTC Chairman (1996-2001)
UNITED AIRLINES
MELIÁ HOTELS INTERNATIONAL
Sebastián Escarrer Vice Chairman
DLA PIPER
Sir Nigel Knowles Co-CEO
LOS ANGELES WORLD AIRPORTS
Gina Marie Lindsey Executive Director
ROBERT H BURNS HOLDINGS LTD
Robert H Burns Chairman WTTC Chairman (1994-1996)
Jim Compton Executive Vice President & CEO
1-2 Queen Victoria Terrace, Sovereign Court, London E1W 3HA United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0) 20 7481 8007 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7488 1008 Email: enquiries@wttc.org
www.wttc.org
